|
Library
This information
library is organized in the following major sections:
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Absorption Chiller |
Water chiller based on absorption of refrigerant
vapor into a liquid solution, pumping of the solution
to elevated pressure, and the release (desorption)
of refrigerant vapor through addition of heat;
absorption chillers require less energy because
the pumping process involves a liquid; direct-fired
chillers employ natural gas burners, indirect-fired
chillers use steam or hot water from a separate
process (such as the hot exhaust gases from electric
generation); single-, double-, and triple-effect
chillers employ multiple stages of desorption
and internal use of waste heat to boost efficiency
|
|
CHP |
Combined heat and power; CHP systems are also
known as cogeneration, trigeneration, or total
energy systems |
|
Demand Charge |
Charges for the use of electricity based on the
maximum power requirement, electrical demand,
during a specified period of time, typically a
month ($/kW) |
|
Desiccant |
A solid or liquid material with an affinity for
absorbing water molecules |
|
Distributed Generation |
Distributed generation; CHP is a type of DG system
in which thermal energy that otherwise would be
wasted is recovered and reused |
|
Distributed Resources |
This is a generic term that refers to "small"
generators or demond response programs that are
distributed throughout a region. These small generators
may be owned and operated by utilities or thier
customers. |
|
Distributed Response |
This refers to
actions taken on the part of customers to reduce
power consumption during high load periods. These
actions may be taken voluntarily in response to
price signals (see Real Time Pricing below) or customers
may join programs in which they are paid in return
for granting their utility the right to call on
them to reduce demand when needed. |
|
Engine-Generator |
Electrical generator using a reciprocating, Sterling,
or rotary engine |
|
Enthalpy Wheel |
Heat exchanger rotating through building supply
and exhaust air flows to transfer energy from
one air stream to the other |
|
Evaporative Cooling |
Lowering the temperature of air through the evaporation
from a water or wetted membrane; direct evaporative
cooling adds water to the supply air while indirect
evaporative cooling adds water to the exhaust
air and incorporates a heat pipe or thermal wheel
for indirect cooling of the supply air |
|
Fuel Cell |
Device for producing electricity using a chemical
process rather than conventional combustion processes
with electric generators |
|
Heat Wheel |
Heat exchanger rotating through building supply
and exhaust air flows to transfer heat from one
air stream to another |
|
IAQ |
Indoor air quality |
|
kW |
Kilowatt |
|
Latent Cooling Load |
Amount of cooling required to reduce humidity
of air in conditioned space to specified level
for comfort |
|
Line Losses |
Electric energy lost as heat in power transmission
lines |
|
Microturbine Power Generator |
Turbine-engine driven electrical generator with
output power under 100 kw |
|
Power Reliability |
Percent or fraction of the time (hours) power
is available in a year (8760 hours) |
|
Real Time Pricing |
Charges for electrical demand and consumption
based on instantaneous cost of production and
distribution as opposed to fixed rates or fixed
time-of-day rates |
|
Sensible Cooling Load |
Amount of cooling required to reduce the temperature
of air in the conditioned space to a specified
level for comfort |
|
Thermal Wheel |
Heat exchanger rotating between two air flows
to transfer heat from one to the other |
|
Ton (or Refrigeration Ton) |
Quantity of cooling available from melting 2000
pounds of ice; 12,000 Btu/h or 3.1413 kW |
|
Vapor Compression Air Conditioning |
Cooling system based on compression of a gaseous
refrigerant to a high pressure, and heat transfer
with changes of state (i.e. Liquid and vapor)
to produce useful heating or cooling |
|
Waste Heat |
Portion of the energy input to a mechanical process
which is rejected to the environment |
|
Good List of Terms used in Electric Utility Industry |
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What is combined
heat and power, CHP?
Combined heat and power refers
to recovering waste heat when electricity is generated
and using it to create high temperature hot water or
steam. Steam or hot water can then be used for space
heating, producing domestic hot water, or powering dehumidifiers
and water chillers for air conditioning.
Why is there so much
interest in CHP?
There are two different driving
forces behind CHP. First, recent problems in electrical
supply and distribution have heightened concerns about
availability and cost of electricity. These have led
in turn to interest in distributed generation and subsequently
use of waste heat from power generation. The Department
of Energy is interested in CHP because of “resource
efficiency.” If coal or natural gas is burned
at a power plant to produce electricity, less than a
third of the energy content of the fuel is delivered
to customers as useful power. The “resource efficiency”
is less than 33%. If a CHP plant captures 68% of the
energy in the exhaust gas and for space heating or hot
water, the resource efficiency becomes 78% (0.33 + 0.68*0.67).
Much more of the fuel energy content is used, fossil
fuels consumption and CO2 emissions are reduced.
Is CHP the same as
cogeneration?
CHP and cogeneration are basically
the same thing, although cogeneration has been identified
with district heating and large utility owned power
plants or industrial power production and plant operation.
CHP is generally a smaller scale, privately owned operation.
It frequently refers to generation of heat and power
for university campuses, military bases, hospitals,
and hotels. New technologies for small scale power production
are opening opportunities for CHP in medium and small
sized buildings.
What is the difference
between CHP, CCHP, BCHP, DER, IES?
Many new terms and acronyms are entering
common usage that mean basically the same thing, generation
of electricity near the customer’s facility so
that waste heat can be recovered and used. The terms
differ in where the emphasis is placed. CCHP stresses
that combined cooling, heating, and power production
occur, whereas combined heating and power in CHP may
or may not use the recovered heat for cooling purposes.
BCHP is just CHP applied to a building as opposed to
a district heating system or industrial process. DER
is distributed energy resources, the use of small generating
facilities distributed close to the consumers either
with or without heat recovery.
IES is an integrated energy system
that recovers waste heat from on-site or near-site power
generation to provide hot water, steam, heating, cooling,
or dehumidifying air for buildings.
Why can't I use my
backup generator for on-site power production?
The primary problem with using backup
generators for on site power generation concerns their
emissions, NOx and SOx, although noise and durability
can also be problems. Most urban areas limit the maximum
number of hours that IC engine driven backup generators
can be operated each year because of their NOx and SOx
emission levels. Generators for CHP systems can operate
upwards of 8000 hours per year which greatly exceed
backup generator usage, typically limited to less than
200 hours per year. Some models may be able to handle
such high usage, others may not.
Backup generators
have been around for decades, what is new about on-site
power generation?
Recent developments have pushed to
make on site power generation cleaner, cheaper, and
quieter. Backup generators typically use internal combustion
engines with a multitude of moving parts and relatively
high emissions of pollutants NOx and SOx. Microturbines
have been developed which have very low emissions of
pollutants and extremely few moving parts making them
attractive from an environmental and maintenance point
of view. Gas turbines are also being marketed in smaller
capacities so that they have appeal beyond large utilities
and factories. Fuel cells continue to be developed with
a promise of higher efficiencies and lower emissions
than any other source of electricity and heat. Finally,
strides are being made to reduce emissions from IC engine
driven generators to reduce their environmental impact.
What types of power
generators can I buy?
The most common type of on site power
generation is using an IC engine-driven generator. They
are available in a broad range of capacities and can
have very high efficiencies. A couple of manufacturers
are producing microturbine generators and there are
products under development by additional companies and
in additional sizes from the current manufacturers.
Gas turbine generators are sold for applications requiring
greater capacities and one brand of fuel cell is available.
Many different companies are in the process of developing
fuel cells for on site power generation and more products
will become available.
How are generators
classified, what is a kW?
Generators are classified by the
“combustion” system and their rated electrical
output. Combustion refers to whether an IC engine, microturbine,
gas turbine, or fuel cell is used to convert the fuel
to mechanical energy. It is in quotes because while
most of these technologies use a combustion process,
fuel cells use a chemical process without combustion.
The electrical output or capacity is the number of kilowatts
(kW) or megawatts (MW) of power generated. A kilowatt
or megawatt is a measure of the rate of energy use or
production. How much energy is consumed or produced
is measured in kilowatt- or megawatt-hours. One kilowatt
is equal to 1000 watts. A 100 watt light bulb has an
electrical load of 0.100 kilowatts; if the bulb is left
on for 10 hours it consumes 1000 watt-hours or 1.0 kilowatt-hours
(kWh).
What are gas turbines?
A gas turbine burns a gas or liquid
fuel to produce rotary motion, the turbine blades spin
about a central axis. The turbine and air compressor
are mounted on a central shaft; the electric generator
can be mounted on the same shaft or on a second shaft
and driven by a gear drive. The rotary motion requires
fewer moving parts than the reciprocating action of
an IC engine and consequently produces fewer vibrations
and needs less maintenance. Gas turbines were developed
for marine engines in boats and jet engines in airplanes
as well as in large industrial turbines for utility
power generation. The smaller gas turbine generators
are aeroderivatives, descendants of jet aircraft engines.
What are microturbines?
Microturbines are a fairly recent
innovation bringing the advantages of gas turbines to
markets for smaller applications. They employ an air
compressor and turbine blades on a single shaft. Some
employ a recuperator to boost their efficiency and air
bearings to reduce maintenance costs. Products are available
ranging from 30 kW to 75 kW of capacity; this range
will eventually expand to include 200 to 300 kW generators.
What is a recuperator
and why is it important?
A recuperator is an internal heat
exchanger that is used to recover energy from the turbine
exhaust and use it to pre-heat inlet air. Using some
of the exhaust energy to heat the air before mixing
it with the fuel for combustion allows the same combustion
temperatures and generating capacity to be reached using
less fuel. Recuperators can double the efficiency of
microturbine generators.
What is an HRSG?
A heat recovery steam generator,
or HRSG, is used to recover energy from the hot exhaust
gases in power generation. It is a bank of tubes that
is mounted in the exhaust stack. Exhaust gases at as
much as 1000°F heat the tubes. Water pumped through
the tubes can be held under high pressure to temperatures
of 370°F or higher or it can be boiled to produce
steam. The HRSG separates the caustic compounds in the
flue gases from the occupants and equipment that use
the waste heat.
What are fuel cells?
Fuel cells are devices that use a
chemical reaction to produce an electric current at
very high efficiencies. They are frequently compared
to batteries where the chemicals needed for the reactions
are stored within the battery itself. Fuel cells differ
in that they are connected to a source of fuel, almost
always molecular hydrogen. Hydrogen is combined with
oxygen from the air to produce water and electric current;
electrons flow between the cathode and anode of the
fuel cell through an external circuit and while positive
chemical ions flow in the opposite direction within
the fuel cell itself. Fuel cells are categorized by
the substance used for ionic flow in the fuel cell;
phosphoric acid (PAFC) proton exchange membranes (PEMFC),
solid oxide (SOFC), molten carbonate (MCFC), etc.
Can I buy a fuel
cell?
There is only one fuel cell suitable
for CHP applications is commercially available in the
spring of 2001. It is a 200 kW phosphoric acid fuel
cell. Many other products are under development worldwide
but are not yet on the market.
What is a reformer?
Generally speaking, fuel cells use
molecular hydrogen as their fuel and oxygen from the
air to produce electricity. A reformer is a device that
allows a fuel cell to use a hydrocarbon fuel like natural
gas or propane as the fuel. It uses a catalyst, water,
and heat to break down the hydrocarbon releasing hydrogen
as fuel to the fuel cell and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
What is a desiccant
dehumidifier?
Dehumidifiers, naturally, remove
humidity from the air. Normally this is done by cooling
finned tubes in a heat exchanger below the dew point
temperature so water condenses and drips into a condensate
pan or drain. This process is energy intensive because
it requires cooling the tubes and air below temperatures
that are comfortable for air conditioning. Desiccants
are chemical compounds that have an affinity for water
vapor, in a sense they absorb it like a sponge. A desiccant
dehumidifier employs desiccants deposited on honeycombed
surfaces to provide lots of area for water vapor to
be absorbed. Blowing air through these surfaces remove
moisture from it before it enters the building and reduces
humidity levels. Liquid desiccants are also available
in spray systems.
How do desiccant
dehumidifiers use waste heat in a CHP system?
Desiccant materials can be heated
to remove water vapor from them. This is done in a practical
application by building the desiccant into a wheel that
rotates through the building supply and exhaust air.
For example, supply air being brought into a building
is passed through the left side of the wheel where it
absorbs water vapor. Exhaust air is heated and blown
through the right side of the wheel and then vented
outdoors removing water vapor from the desiccant. The
wheel is rotated slowly so the desiccant passes through
both supply and exhaust air flows. Steam or hot water
from a HRSG can be used to provide the heat needed to
heat the exhaust air and regenerate the desiccant.
What is a chiller?
Most small buildings like homes use
a forced air distribution system to provide hot or cold
air for comfort conditioning. Large buildings frequently
use a hydronic distribution system and pump chilled
water to air handling units to provide cool air for
air conditioning. A chiller is the machine that cools
water to around 44°F for distribution to the air
handling units.
What is an absorption
chiller?
Absorption chillers use heat and
a chemical solution to produce chilled water. A gas
burner is usually used to produce the heat with a mixture
of lithium bromide and water as the chemical solution.
Recovered waste heat in the form of hot water or steam
can be used to power an indirect-fired absorption chiller
(they use electricity for solution pumps, but only a
small fraction of the electricity that electric motor
driven chillers require).
What are single-
and double-effect absorption chillers?
Without getting technical, the number
of “effects” in a chiller reflects the
number of times energy is used. A single-effect machine
uses heat just once to produce chilled water. A double-effect
machine contains heat exchangers to recover heat left
over from the first stage of cooling to produce additional
refrigerant vapor and more cooling. Double-effect is
more efficient than single-effect. Triple-effect chillers
are under development.
What is a cooling
tower?
Every type of air conditioning or
refrigeration process is a means of moving heat from
where it is not wanted to medium where it can be rejected.
The radiator of a car is a dry, finned-tube heat exchanger
that is used to reject engine heat to the outdoor air
efficiently. A cooling tower is essentially a wet heat
exchanger used to reject heat from a chiller or excess
heat from a HRSG. The water spray over tube banks in
a cooling tower is more efficient at rejecting heat
than a dry heat exchanger. It allows lower operating
pressures in the chiller and greater efficiencies.
What is power conditioning?
Utilities in the U.S. distribute
electricity at standard conditions with specifications
for voltage, frequency, and type. Consequently most
of our electrical appliances are designed for 60 Hz,
alternating current. Power conditioning is the process
of taking whatever electricity is produced by a generator
and converting it to meet the industry standards so
it can be used without damaging whatever is plugged
in, be it a hair dryer, television, or computer. Power
conditioning is an essential part of on site power generation.
What is NOx and
why is it called a pollutant?
NOx is an abbreviation or acronym
used to refer to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide
(NO2). Both of these chemical compounds contribute to
urban smog and can contribute to acid rain so their
emissions are carefully controlled by government agencies.
They can be formed during high temperature combustion
from nitrogen in the air. Careful control of the combustion
process or treatment of exhaust gases is needed to keep
emissions low.
What is SOx and
why is it a pollutant?
SOx encompasses a group of chemical
compounds of sulfur and oxygen, but it predominantly
it refers to sulfur dioxide, SO2. Sulfur dioxide is
formed during combustion from sulfur compounds in the
fuel and oxygen in the air. Liquid and solid fuels like
gasoline and coal contain sulfur compounds and cause
SOx in the flue emissions; SOx is not an issue with
gaseous fuels like natural gas and propane. Sulfur dioxide
dissolves in water forming sulfuric acid, the principal
constituent of acid rain. SOx emissions are strictly
regulated.
What is SCR?
SCR stands for selective catalytic
reduction and is a process for removing NOx from exhaust
gases in order to meet pollution control requirements.
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Valuable background information and
recommendations for developing CHP projects is available
from several sources including:
Distributed
Energy Applications Guide –- which was
developed by The Energy Solutions Center with the support
from the US Department of Energy and the ESC's DG Consortium.
This guide is intended primarily for industrial applications.
http://www.poweronsite.org/AppGuide/DGuideFrameSet.htm
Combined Heat
and Power (CHP) Resource Guide –- background
information on CHP technologies, characteristics of
good applications, and feasibility assessment procedures.
This 43 page guide was developed by the Midwest CHP
Application Center and Avalon Consulting with support
from the US Department of Energy and Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. http://www.chpcentermw.org/pdfs/chp_resource_guide_2003sep.pdf
Combined Heat
and Power –- an assessment of legal, institutional,
and regulatory issues and requirements. This 117 page
report was prepared by John Nimmons & Associates
and Kattner/FVB for the Washington State University
Energy Program. ftp://198.147.238.10/energy.wsu.edu/pubs/distributed/CHP_Guidebook.pdf
Financing
Strategies for Brownfield Cleanup and Redevelopment
–- an overview of Federal, State and Local programs
that provides guidance on resources available to firms
developing a CHP facility at a brownfield site. This
report was prepared by the Northeast-Midwest Institute
with the support of the US Environmental Protection
Agency. http://www.nemw.org/bffinancingredev.pdf
In addition, the Mid-Atlantic CHP
Application Center is developing a set of guidelines
and examples specific to the requirements of the states
in this region. Contact the Center directly for more
information on these guidelines.
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While CHP systems can be used in
virtually any application, they tend to be most attractive
in selected commercial, institutional, and industrial
applications.
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CHP systems can help reduce
the cost of heating, cooling, or providing power
to a wide variety of commercial and institutional
facilities. Additional CHP benefits can include
increased power supply reliability, better occupant
comfort, improved indoor air quality, and reduced
boiler emissions. Promising applications include:
- Hospitals
- Educational facilities
- Office buildings
- Data Centers
- Nursing homes
- Hotels
- Supermarkets
- Refrigerated Warehouses
- Retail stores
- Restaurants
- Theatres
- Ice Arenas
|
|
CHP systems can help manufacturers
reduce production cost by recycling energy that
currently is being wasted. Additional benefits
CHP systems may include eliminating or reducing
waste product disposal cost (via combustion as
fuel), increasing power supply reliability, obtaining
“free” space conditioning from wasted
heat, improving power quality, and improving public
image as an environmentally responsible firm.
Industries that frequently benefit from CHP include:
- Petroleum refining
- Chemical process plants
- Food processing
- Glass industry
- Steel industry
- Metal Casting
- Forest products
- Paper manufacturing
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Sources for additional information
on these applications include:
The U.S.
DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information
Resources Catalog (http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/pdfs/ies_market_assessment.pdf)
has considerable information on CHP markets, applications,
technologies, and other issues. You may find the following
reports to be particularly useful:
Market
Potential for Advanced Thermally Activated BCHP in Five
National Account Sectors – prepared
by Energy and Environmental Analysis and issued in May
2003.
http://www.eea-inc.com/dgchp_reports/NatAccountsTATPotentialReport-EEAFinal.pdf
National
Account Sector Energy Profiles –-
An assessment of health care, supermarket, hotel/motel,
restaurant, and big-box retail applications for CHP.
This report that was prepared in April 2003.
http://www.eea-inc.com/dgchp_reports/NationalAccountsFinalReportEEA.pdf
Integrated
Energy Systems for Buildings: A Market Assessment
–- prepared by Resource Dynamics and issued in
August 2002. http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/pdfs/ies_market_assessment.pdf
Assessment
of On-Site Power Opportunities in the Industrial Sector
–- an Assessment prepared by Oak Ridge National
Laboratory for the US Department of Energy in September
2001.
http://www.osti.gov/dublincore/gpo/servlets/purl/814596-29vESu/native/
or http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/111789.pdf.
Cooling,
Heating, and Power for Industry: A Market Assessment–-
prepared by Resource Dynamics and issued in August 2003.
http://www.chpb.net/pdfs/0308_chp_industrial_market_assessment.pdf
Federal
CHP Market Assessment –- prepared
in September 2002 for the Federal Energy Management
Program (FEMP). http://www.ornl.gov/sci/femp/pdfs/chp_market_assess.pdf
Report
on Distributed Generation Penetration Study
–- A report on a multi-year study evaluating interconnection
of DG systems that was issued in September 2003. It
was prepared by General Electric for the US Department
of energy. http://www.osti.gov/dublincore/gpo/servlets/purl/15004478-GPhE02/native/
Distributed Energy Technology Characterization - A Characterization of desiccant technologies and applications that shows how these technologies canbe designed to utilized teh available tehrmal energy from a combined heat and power sytem, issued by Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc. in January 2004. http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/publications.html#thermally_activated
State, Utility, and Local Distributed Generation Incentives Matrix - Prepared by the Center for Applied Economic Research, Montana State University-Billings, June 2004. http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/financial_inentives.html
Guide to Developing Air-Cooled LiBr Absorption for Combined Heat and Power Applications - Summarizes the development status of air-cooled lithium bromide (LiBr) water absorption chillers as an alternative to using cooling towers, issued by TIAX LLC, April 2005. http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/publications.html#thermally_activated
Combined Heat and Power Market Potential for Opportunity Fuels - Examines the prospects for opportunity fuels, which include biomass fuels (such as anaerobic digester gas, landfill gas, and wood waste), byproducts and waste from industrial processes, coalbed methane, wellhead gas, and tire-derived fuel, issued by Resource Dynamics Corporation, August 2004. www.eere.energy.gov/de/chp/chp_applications/information_resources.html#publications (under the Market Studies subheading on the above page)
Review of Thermally Activated Technologies - Provides the status of several thermally activated technologies, including lithium bromide water absorption, ammonia water absorption, dessicant technologies, and rankine cycles, issued by TIAX LLC, July 2004.. www.eere.energy.gov/de/thermally_activated/information_resources.html#publications
Reducing Market Barriers to Small-Scale Distributed Generation in Montana - Prepared by the Center for Applied Economic Research, Montana State University-Billings, June 2004. http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/state_mt.html - under new "Other Information" heading
Reducing Regulatory Barriers to Small-Scale Distributed Generation in Montana - Prepared by the Center for Applied Economic Research, Montana State University-Billings, June 2004. http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/state_mt.html - under new "Other Information" heading
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General descriptions of the various
technologies that are integrated into CHP systems is
available through the following links. Additional details
are available from the sources listed on the Resources
page.
- Distributed Power
Generation
Distributed power generation is used for producing
electric power on-site or at a location close to where
electric power is needed. Waste heat from these power
generators is recovered for operating thermally-activated
machines. Additional information on generators that
can be used in CHP systems is available at:
- Heat Recovery
Heat recovery technologies allow recovery of thermal
energy from the exhaust gases and cooling systems
of distributed power generation equipment.
- Thermally-Activated
Machines
Thermally-activated machines can use recovered heat
to provide heating, cooling, or humidity control in
buildings. Additional information is available at
the DOE
Distributed Energy Program.
Gas-Fired
Distributed Energy Resource Technology Characterizations
–- This 226-page report provides descriptions
of the cost, efficiency, emissions, and other characteristics
of the equipment used in CHP systems. It is available
at http://www.osti.gov/dublincore/gpo/servlets/purl/15005819-mO4BBN/native/15005819.pdf.
Industrial
Process Improvement Tools –- A series
of software tools and reports that can help users improve
the efficiency of the steam, compressed air, motors,
and process heating systems.
http://www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices/software_tools.shtml
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Output-Based
Regulations: A Handbook for Air Regulators
–- This handbook was prepared by the US Environmental
Protection Agency to help state air regulators who are
attempting to develop and implement output-based emissions
regulations. http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/output_rpt.pdf
Analysis
of Output-Based Allocation of Emission Trading Allowances
–- Report published in June 2003
http://www.eea-inc.com/environreg_reports/AllocationFinal.pdf
Model Regulations For the Output of Specified Air Emissions From Smaller Scale Electric Generation Resources - Model Rule and Supporting Documentation. 10/31/02 Draft
http://www.raponline.org/ProjDocs/DREmsRul/Collfile/ReviewDraftModelEmissionsRule.pdf
Average Displaced Emissions Rate (ADER) - Approach and Methodology - Presented to South Coast Air Quality Management District
BACT Scientific Review Committee http://www.icfconsulting.com/Markets/Energy/doc_files/ADER.pdf
Proposed New BACT Guidelines for Distributed Generations - Presented to South Coast Air Quality Management District
BACT Scientific Review Committee
March 25, 2004
http://www.aqmd.gov//bact/DGWhitePaper5-19-04.pdf
Distributed Generation and a Forecast of its Growth & Effects on the New York State Electric System from 2001 to 2020 - Prepared for the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority - June 11, 2003 http://www.ccap.org/pdf/2003-June-11--NY_DG_Forecast.pdf
The Four Es of DG Policy in California:
Energy, Environment, Economics, and
Education - Prepared For:
California Energy Commission
Public Interest Energy Research Program
Prepared By:
University of California August, 2003
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-500-2005-060/CEC-500-2005-060-D.PDF
THE GOOD, THE BAD,
AND THE OTHER:
Public Health and the Future
of Distributed Generation - Prepared by
California Public Interest Research Group Charitable Trust
Coalition for Clean Air
http://www.coalitionforcleanair.org/reports-the-good-the-bad-the-other.html
The Impact of Air
Quality Regulations on
Distributed Generation: 10 April 2002—10 May 2002 -NREL Report
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/31772.pdf
Output-Based Emission Standards: Advancing Innovative Energy Technologies - NEMW Institute report (Feb. 2003) http://www.nemw.org/output_emissions.pdf
Model Rule for Additional
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Control Measures - This model rule is being reviewed by the OTC at its March 6, 2001 Winter Meeting. http://dep.state.ct.us/air2/siprac/2001/add.pdf
Clean Distributed Generation in New York State:
State and Local Siting, Permitting and
Code Issues - Prepared for NYSERDA November, 2003. http://www.law.pace.edu/energy/pdffiles/DG_GUIDEBOOK_TGB_NOV2003.pdf
NEW SOURCE REVIEW
REQUIREMENTS FOR
BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (BACT)
GUIDANCE DOCUMENT - May 2002
San Diego County
Air Pollution Control District http://www.sdapcd.org/permits/BACTab/bact.pdf
Modeling Demand Response and Air
Emissions in New England - Prepared for EPA by Synapse Energy Economics
Revised September 4, 2003 http://www.raponline.org/Pubs/NEDRI/Synapse-report-epa-ne-dr.pdf
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Connecting
to the Grid Handbook –- a report on
the issues encountered when attempting to connect photovoltaic
systems to the grid which also applies to most small
CHP systems.
http://www.irecusa.org/pdf/guide.pdf
There are two initiatives related
to interconnection that are underway in the Mid-Atlantic
region:
PJM Interconnection’s
Small Generation Interconnect Working Group –
Through this group PJM has developed a technical standard
that defines technical requirements for interconnecting
distributed generation systems smaller than 2 MW. This
standard is mandatory or anyone who wishes to trade
power in the wholesale PJM market and strongly recommended
for all other distributed generators. The Working Group
began working on a comparable standard for 2 –
10 MW systems in early 2005. Details of the standard
and all meetings are available at http://www.pjm.org/committees/working-groups/sgiwg/sgiwg.html.
Mid-Atlantic
Distributed Resources (MADRI) – This group
is working to increase acceptance of distributed resources
(i.e., distributed generation, CHP, and demand response
programs) in the Mid-Atlantic region. MADRI, which is
directed by utility regulators from all states in the
Mid-Atlantic region, is investigating issues and will
be developing programs and policies to promote distributed
resources. Details of the organization and all meetings
are available at http://www.energetics.com/madri/.
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The US Dept. of Energy is offers a wide area of energy savings tips and energy efficiency improvement suggestions through their website, http://www.energy.gov/. Listed below are selected pages containing helpful informaiton.
Buildings Components – Building components encompass a wide range of technologies and applications and have the ability to bost the success of any energy efficiency program. DOE's building components site provides information on appliances and equipment, electrcitiy, building envelope, HVAC, lighting, and water heating. The site gives suggestions on materials and products, and helps to make sense of this ever-changing landscape.
Operate and Maintain – The operation and maintenance of a building and its attendant components is a critical part to any successful energy efficiency program. DOE's operation and maintenace site provides valuable advice to commission, maintain, and measure the performance of a building.
Energy Solutions - Building needs and performance requirements can vary dramatically according to their use. DOE's Energy solutions sites for homes, multifamily, retail, government, and other types of buildings provides customized advice and tips on how to make the most out of your building.
Industrial Solutions - The DOE's industrial efficiency efforts, run mostly through the EERE's Industrial Technologies Program, provide best-practices tips, industry tools software, personnel training, and many other tools for increasing the efficiency of industrial practices.
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| DATE |
TITLE & MEETING |
| |
|
| |
|
| November 29, 2007 |
Is CHP Right for My Facility? |
| September 19, 2005 |
CHP Overview for Multifamily homes, presented to Environmental and Energy Study Institute/ Northeast Midwest Institute Briefing, Washington, DC |
| April 6, 2005 |
Overview of PJM Interconnection Standards and Madri, presented to Northeast CHP Inititiave Meeting, Albany, NY |
| Overview
of CHP and the Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center,
presented to Steam Best Practices Workshop, Atlantic
City, NJ |
| March 8, 2005 |
Overview
of Regional CHP Application Centers, presented to IDEA Campus
Energy Conference, Washington, DC |
| October 27, 2004 |
Combined Heat and Power Overview, presented to West Virginia Industries of the Future Conference, location? |
| September 14, 2004 |
Combined Heat and Power Overview , presented to Steam Best Practices Workshop, Baltimore, MD |
| June 9, 2004 |
Combined Heat and Power Overview , presented to Steam Best Practices Workshop, Allentown, PA |
| |
|
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Bucknell Project
Baltimore Energy Refuse Co (BRESCO)
Patterson
Temple University
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